What is Major Depressive Disorder?
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known as depression or clinical depression, is a common and serious mood disorder that significantly affects how a person feels, thinks, and behaves. It is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a loss of interest or pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable. These symptoms can interfere with daily life, work, and relationships.
Causes and Risk Factors of Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder is believed to result from a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors:
- Genetics: A family history of depression increases risk.
- Brain Chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine).
- Environmental: Life events such as trauma, loss of a loved one, a difficult relationship, or any stressful situation.
- Medical Conditions: Certain illnesses, such as hypothyroidism or chronic pain.
- Substance Use: Alcohol or drug abuse.
- Hormonal Changes: Pregnancy, postpartum, or menopause.
Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
Some common symptoms of major depressive disorder include:
- A persistent sad, anxious, or "empty" mood
- Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities once enjoyed
- Changes in appetite (either increased or decreased) and weight
- Trouble sleeping or oversleeping
- Loss of energy or increased fatigue
- Difficulty thinking, concentrating, or making decisions
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder
The diagnosis of MDD is often based on criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). A mental health professional will diagnose depression through a physical exam, a series of questions about medical history and symptoms, and sometimes a questionnaire. Laboratory tests may also be conducted to rule out other conditions. To be diagnosed with MDD, symptoms must persist for at least two weeks, represent a change from previous functioning, and not be attributable to substance use, a medical condition, or another mental health disorder.
Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder
Fortunately, major depressive disorder is one of the most treatable mental disorders. Around 80 to 90 percent of people with depression eventually respond well to treatment, and almost all patients gain some relief from their symptoms. Treatment options include:
- Medications: Antidepressants can help modify one's brain chemistry.
- Psychotherapy: Also known as talk therapy, can help patients manage their depression.
- Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, a healthy diet, and proper sleep can improve symptoms.
- Alternative Therapies: Treatment for depression also includes alternative therapies such as acupuncture, relaxation techniques such as yoga or tai chi, and meditation or mindfulness.
- Advanced Therapies (for severe or treatment-resistant cases): Depending on the severity, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), or other brain stimulation therapies may be considered.
Summary
Major depressive disorder is a serious mental health condition that can affect virtually every aspect of an individual’s life. It can be temporary, or it can be a long-term challenge. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of depression, it is important to seek professional help. With a proper diagnosis and treatment, the vast majority of individuals with depression can live healthy and fulfilling lives.